Azov Films - Summer Autumn Winter 1.33
The Garrison Diversion Unit (GDU) of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin program was authorized in 1965, with the purpose of diverting Missouri River water to the James River for irrigation, municipal and industrial water supply, fish and wildlife habitat, recreation, and flood control. The project was reauthorized in 1986, with the specification that comprehensive studies be conducted to address a variety of issues. One of these ongoing studies addresses potential impacts of GDU construction and operation on lands of the National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) system, including Arrowwood and Sand Lake Refuges (the Refuges) on the James River. A number of concerns at these Refuges have been identified; the primary concerns addressed in this report include increased winter return flows, which would limit control of rough fish; increased turbidity during project construction, which would decrease production of sago pondweed; and increased water level fluctuations in the late spring and early summer, which would destroy the nests of some over-water nesting birds. The facilitated workshop described in this report was conducted February 18-20, 1987, under the joint sponsorship of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. The primary objectives of the workshop were to evaluate the feasibility of using simulation modeling techniques to estimate GDU impacts on Arrowwood and Sand Lake Refuges and to suggest enhancements to the James River Refuge monitoring program. The workshop was structured around the formulation of four submodels: a Hydrology and Water Quality submodel to simulate changes in Refuge pool elevations, turnover rates, and water quality parameters (e.g., total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, water temperature, pesticides) due to GDU construction and operation; a Vegetation submodel to simulate concomitant changes in wetland communities (e.g., sago pondweed, wet meadows, deep
Azov Films - Summer Autumn Winter 1.33
Aquatic macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates were studied seasonally (Spring, Autumn, Summer) between the years 2009 - 2011 in two coastal lagoons (Kotychi and Prokopos) located in Peloponnese, Greece, in order to investigate spatial and temporal biodiversity trends related to hydrological processes (degree of confinement, nitrates, phosphates, chl-a, total suspended materials, light irradiance, pH, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen). Kotychi lagoon presents a better communication with the sea, while Prokopos has a high degree of confinement. Both ecosystems seasonally receive freshwater input from streams. The submerged aquatic macrophytes constituted a major component of the ecosystems studied. In total, 22 taxa of aquatic macrophytes (angiosperms and macroalgae), 16 taxa for Kotychi (2 Rhodophyta, 8 Chlorophyta, 5 Magnoliophyta, 1 Streptophyta) and 14 taxa for Prokopos (1 Rhodophyta, 5 Chlorophyta, 5 Magnoliophyta, 3 Streptophyta) were found. Ruppia cirrhosa, and Potamogeton pectinatus were dominant in both lagoons. Kotychi lagoon was also dominated by Zostera noltii and Prokopos by Zannichellia pallustris ssp. pedicellata, while the biomass of aquatic species peaked during the summer periods, in both lagoons. The total number of macroinvertebrates found in the lagoons was 28 taxa for Kotychi and 19 for Prokopos. Chironomidae were dominant in both lagoons, while Kotychi was also dominated by Lekanesphaera monodi and Monocorophium insidiosum, and Prokopos by Ostracoda and Lekanesphaera monodi. Benthic diversity ranged from 1.33 to 2.57 in Kotychi and from 0.67 to 2.48 in Prokopos. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates were strongly related to aquatic vegetation and to the degree of communication with the marine environment. Moreover, species richness and abundance of both macrophytes and macroinvertebrates were mainly dependent on depth, temperature, pH and concentration of total suspended materials (TSM). Results
No information is available on the condition of the naval base of Novorossisk since its recapture by the Russians in September, 1943. However, after the evacuation of Sevastopol by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet in the spring of 1942 until it was captured by the Germans in September, 1942, it was the main base for the larger units of the fleet; prior to the outbreak of the war, it was employed as a subsidiary base to Sevastopol and ordinarily accommodated submarines and light surface craft, Novorossisk is a good, entirely sheltered harbor large enough to accommodate the entire fleet. The entrance to the bay is between Sudzhuk Point and Doob Point, about 4 3/4 miles apart. The bay is 3 1/2 miles long. The anchorage, at the head of the bay eastward of the town is considered dangerous during the autumn and winter months because of the prevailing northeasterly winds; these winds often increase to gales and even to hurricane strength during this period of the year. Novorossisk harbor never freezes. Prior to the outbreak of the war, this harbor was the best-equipped port on the entire Caucasian coast. Small castings and repairs to machinery could be carried out. More extensive repairs could be effected at a motor works. There was a patent slip for small craft. Before the Germans evacuated Novorossisk,they doubtless destroyed all defense equipment as well as port installations. However, prior to the outbreak of the war, the commercial port of Novorossisk possessed 10 wharves with a depth alongside of 30 ft., L, wharves with a depth alongside of 29 ft., 5 wharves with a depth alongside of 28 ft., 2 wharves with a depth alongside of 25 ft., 5 wharves with a depth alongside of 2U ft., 2 wharves with a depth alongside of 23 ft., 2 wharves with a depth alongside of 20 ft., and 1 v/harf with a depth alongside of 17 ft. There were three large floating drydocks at Novorossisk prior to its occupation by the Germans; two of these drydocks are now at Poti, and the third is beached at Sukhum.
b. The shipbuilding yard was commenced about six years ago and has had greater emphasis placed on it since the outbreak of war, due to the exposed positions of the shipbuilding facilities in western Russia. As might be expeeted, the city and the shipbuilding yard with all its adjuncts have been thrown up in a gimcrack fashion even for the USSR, due to the lack of materials and the urgent need for haste. Conditions for the workers are most primitive and would be considered little less than savage by American standards. For Russian workmen, they are bearable, there being no alternative, and work goes on, although at a much less efficient pace than would be the case in a similar American establishment. The buildings of the shipyard are of locally made brick, plastered and painted white outside. The buildings are well spread about, two to three hundred yards apartin some cases. Roads are dirt or cobblestone. Railway spurs run into or alongside all the large shops* A great quantity of material, evacuated from the western areas,is lying about in large piles, much of it junk and*little of it usable in a shipyard. The manager remarked that the selection of material for evacuation was made amid bursting bombs and in face of imminent capture by the Germans. It was very much like the frantic householder, rescuing his belongings from his burning house, throwing the chamber pots out the window and carrying the pillows downstairs in his arms. Windows of all buildings, after the Russian custom, are double, to keep out the 40-50 degree winter cold. Buildings ways are covered so that work may continue 12 months a year. They are steam heated, from a central plant. It is probable that no ship launching could be made between the end of December and the 1st of March, due to the freezing of the basin and the Amur River. Freezing of the river at Nikolaevsk (the mouth) commences on the 1st of November and ice breaks up about the 15th of May. The manager of the yard said they receive steel plate and similar material from sources outside Komsomolsk. In September, 1943, there was a rather considerable supply of plating, flat sheets 30 x 81, thicknesses 4 to 10 mm, stacked outside the rolling mill* There is a railway spur near the yard, along which were about five hundred or more six foot plugs of slag, several feet thick, apparently off the top of a ladle of hot metal, in September, 1943, probably a product of the Amurstal steel works. In one of the machine shops, a small number of lathes and shapers were in use for other than shipbuilding work. Several hundred cases for 100 lb. bombs were being turned from steel castings, made in the foundry. A small amount of chain for harvesting combines was being made. They accepted such small orders in view of the lack of enough materials to keep the plant fully employed on shipbuilding and also in the interests of efficiency in supplying local demands for small articles in small quantities. This may indicate a lack of other machine shop facilities in Komsomolsk. Personnel at the yard numbers 5,000, 50% of which are women; about 10% of the men are 16 to 20 year-old boys. Those departments requiring heavy labor, such as foundry, plate mill and work on board the vessels building are staffed largely by men. Operators of small machine tools, office employees, and others engaged in light labor, are principally women or boys. Workers live in houses and "apartments" (little more than barracks) which are not more than a kilometer from the yard; Many have small vegetable gardens in which they grow a scrubby variety of cabbage, potatoes or tomatoes during the short summer, to augment their poor rations Recreation facilities are meagre. There is a small park with a rattletrap dance pavilion and a movie theatre. There are two shifts of twelve hours each in those few plants which work 24 hours a day. During the middle of each shift, 1 1/2 hours are taken out for rest and eatingj the plant is idle during this period* About 30% of the plant works two shifts (24 hours daily); the rest of the plants have one 12 hour shift daily* Lack of material and labor is probably the reason for lack of full time operation. As a whole, the labor may be classed as inefficient and unintelligent. Judging from the amount of activity in the various shops and the number of idle machines, it is estimated that the entire yard is working at not more than 20% of the capacity it would be capable of with efficient planning, good workmen and ample material* Three destroyers (40$ complete) and two escort vessels (50$ complete), have been on the ways over three years, one light cruiser (75$ complete) about 5 years. In addition to these, a small number of very small vessels have been completed or are building. For a yard employing 5,000 workmen, this is not an outstanding record, and as the shops are well equipped with a wide variety of British and American machinery, it is indicated that labor and planning are chiefly at fault. 350c69d7ab